如果说ISA-95从架构层面定义了MES，那么MESA(Manufacturing Enterprise Solutions Association) 则从功能层面定义了MES。

MESA，即制造企业解决方案协会，成立于20世纪90年代，旨在为MES系统的执行提供提议，并解决其日益增长的复杂性。他们的模型是行业中使用最广泛的，由于它可以追溯到1997年，当时MESA通过11个核心功能正式定义了MES的范围，称为MESA-11模型（下文有详细解读）。虽然MESA的模型随着时间的推移经历了几次迭代，从2004年的C-MES (Collaborative MES) 到2008年的战略模型（Initiative Strategic Model）直到2022年的智能制造 (Smart Manufacturing)，但是有一个基础是被MESA认可的，那就是为了使系统成为MES，它必须拥有所有的功能组，或者它们的合理组合，这也是1997年的MESA-11模式成为当前许多MES系统基本架构的缘由，经典的永远都是经典。

不过尴尬的是，最近在网上常常看到一些关于MES系统的视频推送，一个人对着几块花里胡哨的大屏幕说花了几万块可以上一套MES，然后工厂老板问：上了这个系统，我能开除几个人？韭菜太好割了

此外，MESA对MES的定义强调了以下三点：

(1) MES是对整个车间制造过程的优化，而不是单一解决某个生产瓶颈。

MES系统的上线，挑战的是整个价值流

(2) MES必须提供实时收集生产过程数据的功能，并做出相应的分析和处理。

在”Manufacturing Execution Systems (MES)” 的一书中, 作者Heiko Meyer 明确提到了作业成本法 ABC(Activity-Based Costing)在MES下的应用，有兴趣的深入探讨一下。

The costs of the resources are allocated to the activities that use these resources. The activity costs form the sum of the resource costs for an activity. The costs of the product ensue finally from the sum of the activity costs.

Heiko Meyer / Franz Fuchs / Klaus Thiel

(3)MES需要与计划层和控制层进行信息交互，通过企业的连续信息流来实现企业信息集成。.

MESA模型发展史，https://mesa.org/topics-resources/mesa-model/history-of-the-mesa-models

MESA Initiative Strategic Model

MESA-11模型

1. 资源分配及状态管理Resource Allocation and Status

该功能管理机床、工具、人员物料、其它设备以及其它生产实体，满足生产计划的要求对其所作的预定和调度，用以保证生产的正常进行；提供资源使用情况的历史记录和实时状态信息，确保设备能够正确安装和运转。

Manages resources including machines, tools,labor skills,materials,other equipment, and other entities such as documents that must be available in order for work to start at the operation. It provides detailed history of resources and insures that equipment is properly set up for processing and provides status real time. The management of these resources includes reservation and dispatching to meet operation scheduling objectives.

2. 工序详细调度 Operations/ Detail Scheduling

该功能提供与指定生产单元相关的优先级、属性、特征等，基于有限能力的调度，通过思考生产中的交错、重叠和并行操作来准确计算出设备上下料和调整时间，实现良好的作业顺序，最大限度减少生产过程中的准备时间。

Provides sequencing based on priorities, attributes, characteristics,and/or recipes associated with specific production units at an operation such as shape of color sequencing or other characteristics which, when scheduled in sequence properly, minimize setup. It is finite and it recognizes alternative and overlapping/parallel operations in order to calculate in detail exact time or equipment loading and adjust to shift dpatterns.

3.生产单元分配 Dispatching Production Units

该功能以作业、订单、批量、成批和工作单等形式管理生产单元间工作流。通过调整车间已制订的生产进度，对返修品和废品进行处理，用缓冲管理的方法控制任意位置在制品数量。当车间有事件发生时，要提供必定顺序的调度信息并按此进行相关的实时操作。

Manages flow of production units in the form of jobs, orders, batches, lots, and work orders. Dispatch information is presented in sequence in which the work needs to be done and changes in real time as events occur on the factory floor. It has the ability to alter prescribed schedule on the factory floor. Rework and salvage processes are available, as well as the ability to control the amount of work in process at any point with buffer management.

4. 文档控制 Document Control

该功能控制、管理并传递与生产单元有关工作指令、配方、工程图纸、标准工艺规程、零件的数控加工程序、批量加工记录、工程更改通知以及各种转换操作间的通讯记录，并提供了信息编辑及存储功能，将向操作者提供操作数据或向设备控制层提供生产配方等指令下达给操作层，同时包括对其它重大数据（例如与环境、健康和安全制度有关的数据以及ISO信息）的控制与完整性维护。

Controls records/forms that must be maintained with the production unit, including work instructions, recipes, drawings, standard operation procedures, part programs, batch records, engineering change notices, shift-to-shift communication, as well as the ability to edit “as planned” and “as built” information.It sends instructions down to the operations, including providing data to operators or recipes to device controls. It would also include the control and integrity of environmental, health and safety regulations, and ISO information such as Corrective Action procedures. Storage of historical data.

5. 数据采集 Data Collection/Acquisition

该功能通过数据采集接口来获取并更新与生产管理功能相关的各种数据和参数，包括产品跟踪、维护产品历史记录以及其它参数。这些现场数据，可以从车间手工方式录入或由各种自动方式获取。

This function provides an interface link to obtain the intra-operational production and parametric data which populate the forms and records which were attached to the production unit. The data may be collected from the factory floor either manually or automatically from equipment in an up-to-the-minute time frame.

6. 人力资源管理 Labor Management

该功能以分为单位提供每个人的状态。通过时间对比，出勤报告，行为跟踪及行为为基础的费用为基准，实现对人力资源的间接行为的跟踪能力。

Provides status of personnel in and up-to-the-minute time frame. Includes time and attendance reporting,certification tracking, as well as the ability to track indirect activities such as material preparation or tool room work as a basis for activity based costing. It may interact with resource allocation to determine optimal assignments.

7. 质量管理 Quality Management

提供对生产制造过程中获得的检测结果的实时分析能力，以保证产品质量得到正确控制，同时质量问题得到关注。还可针对质量问题推荐纠正措施，包括综合症状、行为和结果来判别问题所在。还可以包括对统计过程控制（SPC）和统计质量控制（SQC）活动进行跟踪，以及对实验室信息管理系统（LIMS）里的线下检测和分析进行管理。

Provides real time analysis of measurements collected from manufacturing to assure proper product quality control and to identify problems requiring attention. It may recommend action to correct the problem,including correlating the symptom, actions and results to determine the cause.May include SPC/SQC tracking and management of off-line inspection operations and analysis in laboratory information management system (LIMS) could also be included.

8. 过程管理 Process Management

该功能监控生产过程、自动纠正生产中的错误并向用户提供决策支持以提高生产效率。通过连续跟踪生产操作流程，在被监视和被控制的机器上实现一些比较底层的操作；通过报警功能，使车间人员能够及时察觉到出现了超出允许误差的加工过程；通过数据采集接口，实现智能设备与制造执行系统之间的数据交换。

Monitors production and either automatically corrects or provides decision support to operators for correcting and improving in-process activities. These activities may be intra-operational and focus specifically on machines or equipment being monitored and controlled as well as inter-operational, which is tracking the process from one operation to the next. It may include alarm management to make sure factory person(s) are aware of process changes which are outside acceptable tolerances. It provides interfaces between intelligent equipment and MES possible through Data Collection/Acquisition.

9. 维修管理Maintenance Management

该功能为了提高生产和日程管理能力的设备和工具的维修行为的指示及跟踪，实现设备和工具的最佳利用效率。ps: 对于MTTR,MTBF这些KPI也应该是在这个模块下的

Tracks and directs the activities to maintain the equipment and tools to insure their availability for manufacturing and insure scheduling for periodic or preventive maintenance as well as the response (alarms) to immediate problems. It maintains a history of past events or problems to aide in diagnosing problems.

10.产品追踪及谱系 Product Tracking and Genealogy

该功能可以看出作业的位置和在什么地方完成作业，通过状态信息了解谁在作业，供应商的资财，关联序号，目前的生产条件，警报状态及再作业后跟生产联系的其他事项。

Provides the visibility to where work is at all times and its disposition. Status information may include who is working on it; components materials by supplier, lot, serial number, current production conditions, and any alarms, rework, or other exceptions related to the product. The on-line tracking function creates a historical record, as well. This record allows traceability of components and usage of each end product.

11.执行分析 Performance Analysis

该功能通过过去记录和预想结果的比较提供以分为单位报告实际的作业运行结果。执行分析结果包含资源活用，资源可用性，生产单元的周期，日程遵守，及标准遵守的测试值。具体化从测试作业因数的许多异样的功能收集的信息，这样的结果应该以报告的形式准备或可以在线提供对执行的实时评价。ps: 这个模块应该是cockpit（管理驾驶舱）的来源，一系列的KPI，列如OEE，TEEP，FTQ

Provides up-to-the-minute reporting of actual manufacturing operations results along with the comparison to past history and expected business result. Performance results include such measurements as resource utilization, resource availability, product unit cycle time, conformance to schedule and performance to standards. May include SPC/SQC. Draws on information gathered from different functions that measure operating parameters. These results may be prepared as a report or presented online as current evaluation of performance.