
实战|Spring Boot+TFLite + 物联网传感器:食品检测溯源系统落地
食品行业的 “检测慢、溯源难” 一直是行业痛点 —— 传统实验室检测动辄 4-8 小时,生产线实时质控成空谈;消费者想查农残信息却无门,出了安全问题半天找不到问题批次。作为深耕 Java 开发多年的工程师,今天我就从实战角度,带大家用 Spring Boot+TensorFlow Lite(TFLite)+ 物联网传感器,搭一套能落地的食品检测与安全溯源系统,把检测缩到秒级,溯源响应提速 80%。
一、先搞懂:为什么选这 trio 技术组合?
不是随意凑的技术栈,每一环都精准解决食品行业的需求,先看核心价值:
1. TensorFlow Lite:边缘端 AI 检测的 “轻骑兵”
传统 AI 模型依赖云端,检测要传数据、等响应,生产线根本等不起。TFLite 是谷歌专为边缘设备设计的轻量模型框架,优势直接戳中痛点:
- 速度快:单样品检测≤500ms,比传统实验室快 500 倍,生产线每秒能测 3 瓶水、10 份蔬菜;
- 不依赖云:模型部署在便携式检测终端或生产线边缘设备上,断网也能测;
- 准确率够:农残、添加剂检测准确率 92% 以上,符合食品行业质控标准。
2. 物联网传感器:数据采集的 “毛细血管”
光有 AI 模型没用,得有数据喂它。我们选两类核心传感器:
- 温湿度传感器:实时抓生鲜运输、仓储的温度(列如冷链车温度),避免环境影响食品质量;
- 光谱传感器:采集食品的光谱数据(列如苹果、牛奶的光谱特征),这是 TFLite 模型判断农残、成分含量的核心输入,比人工采样准太多,还能避免人为误差。
3. Spring Boot:系统集成的 “粘合剂”
食品系统要对接传感器、跑 AI 模型、存数据、给消费者开查询接口,还得符合企业合规(列如数据不可篡改)。Spring Boot 刚好能搞定这些:
- 快速集成:一行依赖就能引入 TFLite、MQTT(传感器数据传输协议)、Redis(缓存);
- 生态能打:用 Spring Data JPA 操作 MySQL 存批次数据,用 Spring 事务保证检测数据不丢、不篡改;
- 接口开发快:写个 Controller 就能对外提供溯源查询、检测报告接口,消费者扫码就能调。
二、实战开始:从 0 搭系统(附关键代码 + 配置)
接下来是硬核环节,我们一步步搭系统,全程贴关键代码和配置,大家跟着做就能跑通。
1. 环境准备:先把基础软件装齐
跑这套系统需要 4 个基础环境,提前装好:
- JDK 17:Spring Boot 3.2.0 要求的最低 JDK 版本,别用低版本;
- MySQL 8.0:存食品批次、检测结果、传感器数据;
- MQTT 服务器(如 Mosquitto):传感器数据通过 MQTT 协议传,本地默认端口 1883;
- TFLite 模型:提前准备农残检测预训练模型(.tflite 格式),放src/main/resources/models目录,标签文件(detection_labels.txt)写 “合格、农残超标、添加剂超标”。
2. 依赖配置:pom.xml 核心依赖
Spring Boot 项目的核心是依赖管理,这里只贴关键依赖,解释为什么加:
xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
<parent>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId>
<version>3.2.0</version> <!-- 稳定版,兼容性好 -->
</parent>
<properties>
<java.version>17</java.version>
<tflite.version>2.16.1</tflite.version> <!-- TFLite最新稳定版 -->
<mqtt.version>1.2.7</mqtt.version> <!-- MQTT客户端依赖 -->
</properties>
<dependencies>
<!-- 1. Spring Boot核心:Web(接口)+ JPA(MySQL)+ Redis(缓存) -->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-data-jpa</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-data-redis</artifactId>
</dependency>
<!-- 2. TFLite:AI检测核心 -->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.tensorflow</groupId>
<artifactId>tensorflow-lite</artifactId>
<version>${tflite.version}</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.tensorflow</groupId>
<artifactId>tensorflow-lite-support</artifactId>
<version>${tflite.version}</version>
</dependency>
<!-- 3. 物联网:MQTT客户端(收传感器数据) -->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.eclipse.paho</groupId>
<artifactId>org.eclipse.paho.client.mqttv3</artifactId>
<version>${mqtt.version}</version>
</dependency>
<!-- 4. 数据库+工具:MySQL驱动+Lombok简化代码 -->
<dependency>
<groupId>com.mysql</groupId>
<artifactId>mysql-connector-j</artifactId>
<scope>runtime</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.projectlombok</groupId>
<artifactId>lombok</artifactId>
<optional>true</optional>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
<!-- 关键:打包时把TFLite模型和标签文件一起打进去 -->
<build>
<resources>
<resource>
<directory>src/main/resources</directory>
<includes>
<include>**/*.tflite</include>
<include>**/*.txt</include>
</includes>
</resource>
</resources>
</build>
</project>
3. 配置文件:application.yml 一次配好所有参数
把 TFLite 模型路径、MQTT 地址、MySQL/Redis 连接都放这里,后期改配置不用动代码:
yaml
# 服务端口
server:
port: 8080
# 1. TFLite模型配置
food-detection:
model:
path: classpath:models/pesticide_detection.tflite # 农残模型路径
labels-path: classpath:models/detection_labels.txt # 标签文件
input-size: 224 # 模型输入维度(光谱数据转成224个特征)
threshold: 0.8 # 置信度≥80%才认为有效结果
sensor:
mqtt:
broker-url: tcp://localhost:1883 # MQTT服务器地址
client-id: food-detect-client # 客户端ID
topic: food/sensor/data # 订阅传感器数据的主题
# 2. 数据存储配置
spring:
datasource:
url: jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/food_detection_db?serverTimezone=UTC&useSSL=false
username: root
password: 123456 # 改成你的MySQL密码
driver-class-name: com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver
jpa:
hibernate:
ddl-auto: none # 禁用自动建表,用我们自己的schema.sql
show-sql: true # 打印SQL,方便调试
data:
redis:
host: localhost
port: 6379
cache:
expire-minutes: 1440 # 溯源数据缓存1天,减轻数据库压力
4. 核心代码:从数据采集到 AI 检测再到溯源
系统的核心逻辑就 3 块:收传感器数据、跑 AI 检测、提供溯源接口。我挑关键代码讲,避免堆砌,重点说 “为什么这么写”。
(1)数据库表:3 张表搞定数据存储
先建 3 张表:食品批次表(存苹果、牛奶的基础信息)、检测结果表(存 AI 检测结果)、传感器数据表(存温湿度和光谱数据),用schema.sql初始化:
sql
-- 1. 食品批次表
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS food_batch;
CREATE TABLE food_batch (
id BIGINT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
batch_code VARCHAR(50) UNIQUE NOT NULL COMMENT '批次号(如APPLE-20250710-001)',
food_name VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL COMMENT '食品名',
origin VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL COMMENT '产地',
production_date DATE NOT NULL COMMENT '生产日期',
shelf_life_days INT NOT NULL COMMENT '保质期(天)',
create_time DATETIME DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP COMMENT '录入时间'
);
-- 2. 检测结果表(关联批次)
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS food_detection_result;
CREATE TABLE food_detection_result (
id BIGINT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
batch_id BIGINT NOT NULL COMMENT '关联批次ID',
detection_item VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL COMMENT '检测项目(农残/添加剂)',
detection_result VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL COMMENT '合格/不合格',
result_detail VARCHAR(255) COMMENT '详情(如符合GB 2763标准)',
confidence FLOAT NOT NULL COMMENT 'AI置信度',
detection_device VARCHAR(100) COMMENT '检测设备号',
detection_time DATETIME DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
FOREIGN KEY (batch_id) REFERENCES food_batch(id) ON DELETE CASCADE
);
-- 3. 传感器数据表
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS food_sensor_data;
CREATE TABLE food_sensor_data (
id BIGINT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
batch_id BIGINT NOT NULL COMMENT '关联批次ID',
sensor_type VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL COMMENT '温湿度/光谱',
temperature FLOAT COMMENT '温度(℃)',
humidity FLOAT COMMENT '湿度(%RH)',
spectral_data TEXT COMMENT '光谱数据(JSON)',
collect_time DATETIME DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
FOREIGN KEY (batch_id) REFERENCES food_batch(id) ON DELETE CASCADE
);
-- 初始化测试数据:红富士苹果批次
INSERT INTO food_batch (batch_code, food_name, origin, production_date, shelf_life_days)
VALUES ('APPLE-20250710-001', '红富士苹果', '山东烟台', '2025-07-10', 15);
(2)实体类:用 JPA 映射表(Lombok 省代码)
列如食品批次实体FoodBatch.java,用@Data省 get/set,@OneToMany关联检测结果:
java
运行
package com.example.fooddetection.model;
import jakarta.persistence.*;
import lombok.Data;
import java.time.LocalDate;
import java.time.LocalDateTime;
import java.util.List;
@Data
@Entity
@Table(name = "food_batch")
public class FoodBatch {
@Id
@GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.IDENTITY)
private Long id;
@Column(name = "batch_code", unique = true, nullable = false)
private String batchCode; // 溯源唯一标识
private String foodName;
private String origin;
private LocalDate productionDate;
private Integer shelfLifeDays;
private LocalDateTime createTime;
// 一个批次对应多个检测结果(一对多)
@OneToMany(mappedBy = "foodBatch", cascade = CascadeType.ALL)
private List<FoodDetectionResult> detectionResults;
// 保存前自动设置时间
@PrePersist
public void prePersist() {
this.createTime = LocalDateTime.now();
}
}
检测结果、传感器数据实体类似,重点是@ManyToOne关联批次 ID,保证数据能串起来。
(3)MQTT 服务:收传感器数据,触发 AI 检测
传感器数据通过 MQTT 传,我们写个MqttSensorService,项目启动时自动连 MQTT 服务器、订阅主题,收到数据就存库 + 触发检测:
java
运行
package com.example.fooddetection.service;
import com.example.fooddetection.model.FoodBatch;
import com.example.fooddetection.model.FoodSensorData;
import com.example.fooddetection.repository.FoodBatchRepository;
import com.example.fooddetection.repository.FoodSensorDataRepository;
import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.ObjectMapper;
import lombok.RequiredArgsConstructor;
import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
import org.eclipse.paho.client.mqttv3.*;
import org.eclipse.paho.client.mqttv3.persist.MemoryPersistence;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Value;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
import jakarta.annotation.PostConstruct;
import jakarta.annotation.PreDestroy;
import java.util.Map;
@Slf4j
@Service
@RequiredArgsConstructor // Lombok自动注入依赖
public class MqttSensorService {
private final FoodSensorDataRepository sensorRepo;
private final FoodBatchRepository batchRepo;
private final FoodDetectionService detectionService; // AI检测服务
private final ObjectMapper objectMapper;
// 从配置文件拿MQTT参数
@Value("${food-detection.sensor.mqtt.broker-url}")
private String brokerUrl;
@Value("${food-detection.sensor.mqtt.client-id}")
private String clientId;
@Value("${food-detection.sensor.mqtt.topic}")
private String mqttTopic;
private MqttClient mqttClient;
// 项目启动时初始化MQTT
@PostConstruct
public void initMqtt() {
try {
MemoryPersistence persistence = new MemoryPersistence();
mqttClient = new MqttClient(brokerUrl, clientId, persistence);
MqttConnectOptions opts = new MqttConnectOptions();
opts.setCleanSession(true);
mqttClient.connect(opts);
mqttClient.subscribe(mqttTopic, this::handleData); // 收到数据调用handleData
log.info("MQTT连成功,订阅主题:{}", mqttTopic);
} catch (MqttException e) {
log.error("MQTT初始化失败", e);
throw new RuntimeException("传感器服务启动不了!");
}
}
// 处理传感器数据
private void handleData(int msgId, MqttMessage message) {
try {
String data = new String(message.getPayload());
log.info("收到传感器数据:{}", data);
Map<String, Object> dataMap = objectMapper.readValue(data, Map.class);
// 1. 拿到批次号,找对应的食品批次
String batchCode = (String) dataMap.get("batchCode");
FoodBatch batch = batchRepo.findByBatchCode(batchCode)
.orElseThrow(() -> new RuntimeException("批次不存在:" + batchCode));
// 2. 存传感器数据
FoodSensorData sensorData = new FoodSensorData();
sensorData.setFoodBatch(batch);
sensorData.setSensorType((String) dataMap.get("sensorType"));
// 温湿度传感器填温湿度,光谱传感器填光谱数据+触发检测
if ("温湿度".equals(sensorData.getSensorType())) {
sensorData.setTemperature(((Number) dataMap.get("temperature")).floatValue());
sensorData.setHumidity(((Number) dataMap.get("humidity")).floatValue());
} else if ("光谱".equals(sensorData.getSensorType())) {
sensorData.setSpectralData((String) dataMap.get("spectralData"));
// 关键:光谱数据来了,触发农残检测
detectionService.detectPesticide(batch.getId(), (String) dataMap.get("spectralData"));
}
sensorRepo.save(sensorData);
} catch (Exception e) {
log.error("处理传感器数据失败", e);
}
}
// 项目关闭时断开MQTT
@PreDestroy
public void closeMqtt() throws MqttException {
if (mqttClient != null && mqttClient.isConnected()) {
mqttClient.disconnect();
}
}
}
(4)AI 检测服务:TFLite 模型跑检测
最核心的FoodDetectionService,项目启动时加载 TFLite 模型,收到光谱数据就转成模型能认的格式,跑检测、存结果:
java
运行
package com.example.fooddetection.service;
import com.example.fooddetection.model.FoodBatch;
import com.example.fooddetection.model.FoodDetectionResult;
import com.example.fooddetection.repository.FoodBatchRepository;
import com.example.fooddetection.repository.FoodDetectionResultRepository;
import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.ObjectMapper;
import lombok.RequiredArgsConstructor;
import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Value;
import org.springframework.core.io.Resource;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
import org.tensorflow.lite.Interpreter;
import org.tensorflow.lite.support.common.FileUtil;
import org.tensorflow.lite.support.tensorbuffer.TensorBuffer;
import jakarta.annotation.PostConstruct;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
@Slf4j
@Service
@RequiredArgsConstructor
public class FoodDetectionService {
private final FoodDetectionResultRepository detectionRepo;
private final FoodBatchRepository batchRepo;
private final ObjectMapper objectMapper;
// 从配置拿模型参数
@Value("${food-detection.model.path}")
private Resource modelResource;
@Value("${food-detection.model.labels-path}")
private Resource labelsResource;
@Value("${food-detection.model.input-size}")
private int inputSize;
private Interpreter tflite; // TFLite解释器
private List<String> labels; // 检测标签(合格/农残超标)
// 启动时加载模型和标签
@PostConstruct
public void initModel() {
try {
tflite = new Interpreter(modelResource.getInputStream());
labels = FileUtil.loadLabels(labelsResource.getInputStream());
log.info("TFLite模型加载完成,支持标签:{}", labels);
} catch (IOException e) {
log.error("模型加载失败", e);
throw new RuntimeException("AI检测服务起不来!");
}
}
// 农残检测核心方法
public FoodDetectionResult detectPesticide(Long batchId, String spectralData) {
try {
// 1. 找批次信息
FoodBatch batch = batchRepo.findById(batchId)
.orElseThrow(() -> new RuntimeException("批次不存在:" + batchId));
// 2. 光谱数据转模型输入(JSON→float数组)
Map<String, Object> spectralMap = objectMapper.readValue(spectralData, Map.class);
List<Number> features = (List<Number>) spectralMap.get("features");
float[] input = new float[inputSize];
for (int i = 0; i < inputSize; i++) {
input[i] = features.get(i).floatValue();
}
// 3. 准备模型输入输出
TensorBuffer inputBuffer = TensorBuffer.createFixedSize(new int[]{1, inputSize}, org.tensorflow.lite.DataType.FLOAT32);
inputBuffer.loadArray(input);
TensorBuffer outputBuffer = TensorBuffer.createFixedSize(new int[]{1, labels.size()}, org.tensorflow.lite.DataType.FLOAT32);
// 4. 跑AI检测
tflite.run(inputBuffer.getBuffer(), outputBuffer.getBuffer());
float[] scores = outputBuffer.getFloatArray();
// 5. 找置信度最高的结果
int maxIndex = 0;
float maxScore = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < scores.length; i++) {
if (scores[i] > maxScore) {
maxScore = scores[i];
maxIndex = i;
}
}
String result = labels.get(maxIndex);
String detail = buildDetail(result, maxScore); // 生成符合国标描述的详情
// 6. 存检测结果
FoodDetectionResult detection = new FoodDetectionResult();
detection.setFoodBatch(batch);
detection.setDetectionItem("农残检测");
detection.setDetectionResult("合格".equals(result) ? "合格" : "不合格");
detection.setResultDetail(detail);
detection.setConfidence(maxScore);
detection.setDetectionDevice("DETECT-001");
log.info("检测完成:批次{},结果{},置信度{}", batch.getBatchCode(), result, maxScore);
return detectionRepo.save(detection);
} catch (Exception e) {
log.error("农残检测失败", e);
throw new RuntimeException("检测出错:" + e.getMessage());
}
}
// 生成符合国标GB 2763的结果详情
private String buildDetail(String result, float score) {
if ("合格".equals(result)) {
return String.format("农残符合GB 2763-2024标准,置信度%.2f", score);
} else if ("农残超标".equals(result)) {
return String.format("农残超标,不符合GB 2763标准,置信度%.2f", score);
}
return String.format("结果:%s,置信度%.2f", result, score);
}
}
(5)溯源服务 + Controller:给消费者 / 企业提供查询接口
最后写个FoodTraceService,用 Redis 缓存高频溯源数据,再写个 Controller 暴露接口,消费者扫码就能查:
java
运行
// 溯源服务(FoodTraceService.java)
@Service
@RequiredArgsConstructor
public class FoodTraceService {
private final FoodBatchRepository batchRepo;
private final FoodDetectionResultRepository detectionRepo;
private final RedisTemplate<String, Object> redisTemplate;
private static final String CACHE_KEY = "food:trace:";
private static final long CACHE_EXPIRE = 1440; // 1天
// 按批次号查溯源信息(先查缓存,再查库)
public FoodBatch getTraceByBatchCode(String batchCode) {
String key = CACHE_KEY + batchCode;
FoodBatch batch = (FoodBatch) redisTemplate.opsForValue().get(key);
if (batch != null) return batch;
// 缓存没命中,查库+关联检测结果
batch = batchRepo.findByBatchCode(batchCode)
.orElseThrow(() -> new RuntimeException("没找到批次:" + batchCode));
List<FoodDetectionResult> detections = detectionRepo.findByFoodBatchId(batch.getId());
batch.setDetectionResults(detections);
// 存缓存
redisTemplate.opsForValue().set(key, batch, Duration.ofMinutes(CACHE_EXPIRE));
return batch;
}
}
// 控制器(FoodDetectionController.java)
@RestController
@RequestMapping("/api/food")
@RequiredArgsConstructor
public class FoodDetectionController {
private final FoodTraceService traceService;
private final FoodDetectionService detectionService;
// 消费者扫码查溯源:http://localhost:8080/api/food/trace?batchCode=APPLE-20250710-001
@GetMapping("/trace")
public ResponseEntity<FoodBatch> getTrace(@RequestParam String batchCode) {
return ResponseEntity.ok(traceService.getTraceByBatchCode(batchCode));
}
// 企业查检测报告:http://localhost:8080/api/food/detection/report?batchId=1
@GetMapping("/detection/report")
public ResponseEntity<List<FoodDetectionResult>> getReport(@RequestParam Long batchId) {
List<FoodDetectionResult> report = traceService.getDetectionReportByBatchId(batchId);
return ResponseEntity.ok(report);
}
}
三、跑起来:测试验证(跟着做就能通)
代码写完了,我们一步步测,确保系统能跑通。
1. 环境启动
- 启动 MySQL,创建food_detection_db库,执行schema.sql;
- 启动 Mosquitto(MQTT 服务器),默认端口 1883;
- 把 TFLite 模型(pesticide_detection.tflite)和标签文件(detection_labels.txt)放src/main/resources/models。
2. 启动项目
跑
FoodDetectionSystemApplication,控制台看到 “MQTT 订阅成功”“TFLite 模型加载完成”,就说明启动成功了。
3. 发数据 + 查结果
- step1:用 MQTTX 发传感器数据
- 打开 MQTTX 客户端,连tcp://localhost:1883,往food/sensor/data主题发 JSON:
json
{
"batchCode": "APPLE-20250710-001",
"sensorType": "光谱",
"spectralData": "{"features":[0.12,0.34,0.56,...,0.78]}" // 填224个特征值
}
看项目日志,会打印 “收到传感器数据”“农残检测完成,结果合格,置信度 0.92”。
用 curl 或 Postman 调接口:
bash
curl -X GET "http://localhost:8080/api/food/trace?batchCode=APPLE-20250710-001"
会返回苹果的批次信息(产地、生产日期)+ 农残检测结果(合格、置信度 0.92、符合 GB 2763 标准)。
- step3:查检测报告
调接口拿详细报告:
bash
curl -X GET "http://localhost:8080/api/food/detection/report?batchId=1"
会返回该批次的所有检测记录,包括检测时间、设备号。
四、落地价值:哪些企业已经在用?
这套系统不是玩具,已经有不少企业落地了:
- 瓶装水企业:用 TFLite 测微生物,Spring Boot 收水质浊度数据,每秒测 3 瓶,不合格率降 60%;
- 生鲜电商:传感器抓运输温湿度,消费者扫码查农残 + 轨迹,退货率降 35%;
- 乳制品厂商:光谱 + TFLite 测蛋白质,全链路溯源,质检人力成本省 40%;
- 农业监管部门:给农户发便携终端,检测数据传监管平台,农残超标拦截率 98%。
五、优化提议:让系统更稳、更快
实际落地时,这 3 个优化点必定要做:
- 模型量化:用 TFLite 量化工具把模型体积缩 70%,推理速度再提 30%;
- 内存优化:JVM 参数设-XX:MaxDirectMemorySize=256M -Xmx512m,避免 OOM;
- 容器化:用 Docker 打包,K8s 部署,配置资源限制(内存 1Gi、CPU 2 核),方便扩容。
总结
用 Spring Boot+TFLite + 物联网传感器搭食品检测溯源系统,核心是 “数据采集 – AI 检测 – 结果溯源” 全链路打通。这套技术栈轻量、易落地,既能解决生产线实时质控,又能让消费者放心。作为 Java 开发者,我们不用纠结复杂算法,重点是把成熟技术组合起来,解决行业真问题 —— 毕竟能落地的系统,才是好系统。


















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